Drone-based ground-penetrating radar (GPR) application to snow hydrology
نویسندگان
چکیده
Abstract. Seasonal snowpack deeply influences the distribution of meltwater among watercourses and groundwater. During rain-on-snow (ROS) events, structure properties different snow ice layers dictate quantity timing water flowing out snowpack, increasing risk flooding jams. With ongoing climate change, a better understanding processes internal influencing outflows is needed to predict hydrological consequences winter melting episodes increases in frequency ROS events. This study develops multi-method approach monitor key non-mountainous environment repeated non-destructive way. Snowpack evolution during 2020–2021 was evaluated using drone-based, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) coupled with photogrammetry surveys conducted at Ste-Marthe experimental watershed Quebec, Canada. Drone-based were performed over 200 m2 area flat sloped section. In addition, time domain reflectometry (TDR) measurements used follow flow through identify drivers changes conditions, as observed drone-based surveys. The equipped state-of-the-art automatic weather stations that, together weekly pit ablation period, served reference for monitoring approach. Drone on basis generate georeferenced depth, density, equivalent bulk liquid content maps. Despite some limitations, results show that combination GPR, photogrammetric TDR very promising assessing spatiotemporal characteristics snowpack. For instance, tested method allowed measuring marked differences pack behaviour between first second weeks period. A event occurred week did not significant equivalent, while another one happened generated all three variables. After ablation, (LWC) (SWE) sections detected by GPR measurements. Comparison events made possible contact-free nature
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: The Cryosphere
سال: 2022
ISSN: ['1994-0424', '1994-0416']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-16-3843-2022